17.1 Introduction

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the features of cognitive disorders
2. Compare and contrast the signs and symptoms of dementia, delirium, and depression.
3. Differentiate among the care and safety needs for the three stages of Alzheimer’s dementia.
4. Describe the mechanisms of action of major dementia medications.
5. Discuss priority nursing interventions for patients with Alzheimer’s dementia.

Neurocognitive disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia, interfere with daily independence and functioning in all settings. Some disorders are present from birth whereas some have later onset. Most are irreversible. The needs related to neurocognitive disorders expand beyond the individual to include families and communities. It is incumbent upon nurses to have the skills to assist them. This section will explore cognitive disorders, with a focus on Alzheimer’s dementia.