Bibliography

1. Metaphor

  1. AJ+ (Director). (2020, June 19). How Cigarettes Became A Symbol of Power In Film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDS11IZP4PE
  2. Antil, A., & Verma, H. V. (n.d.). Metaphors, Communication and Effectiveness in Indian Politics. Journal of Creative Communications, 18.
  3. Boeynaems, A., Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2017). The Effects of Metaphorical Framing on Political Persuasion: A Systematic Literature Review. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(2), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2017.1297623
  4. Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.
  5. Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor (2nd ed). Palgrave Macmillan.
  6. Cobb, M. (2020, February 27). Why your brain is not a computer. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/27/why-your-brain-is-not-a-computer-neuroscience-neural-networks-consciousness
  7. Dignam, J. (2020, November 23). Frame the Debate: Insights from Don’t Think of an Elephant! The Commons: Social Change Library. https://commonslibrary.org/frame-the-debate-insights-from-dont-think-of-an-elephant/
  8. Erard. (2015). How to build a metaphor to change people’s minds. Aeon Magazine. https://aeon.co/essays/how-to-build-a-metaphor-to-change-people-s-minds
  9. Franceschi-Bicchierai, L. (2021, November 30). We Need to Stop Saying ‘Blacklist’ and ‘Whitelist.’ Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dd3d/we-need-to-stop-saying-blacklist-and-whitelist
  10. Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, Sneaking, Flooding: A Corpus Analysis of Discursive Constructions of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press, 1996-2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207311247
  11. Gorlick, A. (2011, February 23). Is crime a virus or a beast? When describing crime, Stanford study shows the word you pick can frame the debate on how to fight it. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/february/metaphors-crime-study-022311.html
  12. Jasinski, J. (2001). Sourcebook on rhetoric: Key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies. Sage Publications.
  13. Lacey, S., Stilla, R., & Sathian, K. (2012). Metaphorically feeling: Comprehending textural metaphors activates somatosensory cortex. Brain and Language, 120(3), 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.016
  14. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
  15. Martin, E. (1991). The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles. Signs, 16(3), 485–501.
  16. Shakespeare. (1998). As You Like It. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1523/1523-h/1523-h.htm
  17. Sharp, L., & Richardson, T. (2001). Reflections on Foucauldian discourse analysis in planning and environmental policy research. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jepp.88
  18. Skull Bliss. (2020). Animal Symbolism: What Do Different Animals Represent? Skull Bliss. https://skullbliss.com/blogs/news/animal-symbolism
  19. Sokolowski & Brewster. (n.d.). Words That Began as Metaphors. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/word-matters-podcast/episode-73-began-as-metaphors
  20. Stormberg. (2015). How marketers convinced us that we all need mint to fix our bad breath—Vox. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2014/12/1/7309499/mint-fresh-breath
  21. Then & Now (Director). (2020, February 14). Metaphors We Live By: George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYcQcwUfo8c

3. Doublespeak

  1. Burkeman, O. (2003, March 4). Memo exposes Bush’s new green strategy. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2003/mar/04/usnews.climatechange
  2. Carlin (Director). (n.d.). Euphemisms. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuEQixrBKCc&ab_channel=poyani
  3. Chomsky, N. (2004). Language and politics (2. ed., rev.expanded). AK Press.
  4. Conservapedia. (2021). Liberal euphemisms [Encyclopaedia]. Conservapedia. https://www.conservapedia.com/Liberal_euphemisms
  5. EIJ Editor. (2014). Eco Euphemisms Confuse Our Understanding of Environmental Destruction [Journal]. Earth Island Journal. https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/eco_euphemisms_confuse_our_understanding_of_environmental_destruction/
  6. Gormandy White, M. (n.d.-a). Dysphemism in Simple Terms: Examples of Ugly Expressions. Your Dictionary. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://examples.yourdictionary.com/dysphemism-simple-terms-examples-ugly-expressions
  7. Gormandy White, M. (n.d.-b). Examples of Euphemism: 80+ Common Phrases. Your Dictionary. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-euphemism.html
  8. Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media (anniversary ed., Nachdr.). Bodley Head.
  9. Luntz, D. F. (2008). Words That Work: It’s Not What You Say, It’s What People Hear.
  10. Lutz, W. (Ed.). (1989). Beyond nineteen eighty-four: Doublespeak in a post-Orwellian age. National Council of Teachers of English.
  11. Lutz, W. (2016). Doublespeak. Ig Publishing. https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=4C6658BB-B18C-407C-A1CD-7A16546E0268
  12. Malone, T. (2022, July 12). 20 Metonymy Examples That Will Sweep You Off Your Feet. Smart Blogger. https://smartblogger.com/metonymy-examples/
  13. PlainLanguage.Gov. (n.d.). Wordiness Made Spare. Plainlanguage.Gov. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.plainlanguage.gov/examples/before-and-after/wordiness/
  14. Purland Training. (n.d.). Discover 100 Politically Correct Euphemisms—PurlandTraining.com. Purland Training. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://purlandtraining.com/2020/08/01/politically-correct-euphemisms/
  15. Walker, A. C., Turpin, M. H., Meyers, E. A., Stolz, J. A., Fugelsang, J. A., & Koehler, D. J. (2021). Controlling the narrative: Euphemistic language affects judgments of actions while avoiding perceptions of dishonesty. Cognition, 211, 104633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104633
  16. Yoder, K. (2021, January 20). From doublespeak to alternative facts: How Trump made a mess of the language. Grist. https://grist.org/politics/from-doublespeak-to-alternative-facts-how-trump-made-a-mess-of-the-language/

5. Pronoun Choice & Address Forms

  1. Baron, D. (2018). A brief history of singular ‘they’ | Oxford English Dictionary [Dictionary]. Oxford English Dictionary. https://public.oed.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-singular-they/
  2. Bejan, T. M. (2019, November 16). Opinion | What Quakers Can Teach Us About the Politics of Pronouns. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/opinion/sunday/pronouns-quakers.html
  3. Carlson. (2016). University allows students to choose their own pronouns—YouTube. Fox News. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw5bKqUGc3A&ab_channel=FoxNews
  4. CBC News (Director). (2016). Heated debate on gender pronouns and free speech in Toronto. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiijS_9hPkM&ab_channel=CBCNews
  5. Dahnilsyah, D. (2017). The Implied Power through the Use of Personal Pronouns in Obama’s Speeches: Critical Discourse Analysis. International Journal of Educational Best Practices, 1(2), 59. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijebp.v1n2.p59-71
  6. Delwiche, A. (2018). Plain Folks. Propaganda Critic. https://propagandacritic.com/index.php/how-to-decode-propaganda/plain-folks/
  7. Fitzgerald. (2016). Students now may designate personal pronouns on class rosters | The University Record. University of Michigan. https://record.umich.edu/articles/students-now-may-designate-personal-pronouns-class-rosters/
  8. Julian, G. (2022, July 25). 70 Terms of Endearment from Around the World (for Those You Love). Fluent in 3 Months. https://www.fluentin3months.com/terms-of-endearment/
  9. Logically Fallacious. (n.d.). Appeal to Common Folk. Logically Fallacious. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Appeal-to-Common-Folk
  10. Matos, Y. & Miller. (2021). The politics of pronouns: How Trump framed the ingroup in the 2016 presidential election. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1–19.
  11. Neuman, S. (2015, March 27). He, She Or Hen? Sweden’s New Gender-Neutral Pronoun. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/27/395785965/he-she-or-hen-sweden-s-new-gender-neutral-pronoun
  12. No Sweat Shakespeare. (2013, June 15). Thee and Thou – What Does It All Mean? No Sweat Shakespeare. https://nosweatshakespeare.com/blog/thee-and-thou-what-does-it-all-mean/
  13. Obama, B. (2008). Barack Obama’s 2008 New Hampshire Primary Speech (plain text). Github Gist. https://gist.github.com/mcdickenson/25479c8571b8f86f3a21c8d579102f93
  14. Orvell, A., Gelman, S. A., & Kross, E. (2022). What “you” and “we” say about me: How small shifts in language reveal and empower fundamental shifts in perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 16(5), e12665. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12665
  15. Pennycook, A. (1994). The Politics of Pronouns. ELT Journal, 48(2), 173–178.
  16. Propaganda Techniques. (n.d.). False Dichotomy. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.propwatch.org/category_results.php?cat_id=1&id=35&k=false+dichotomy&p=propaganda.php
  17. Sharma. (2021). “Not colonial sir, madam”, Kerala Congress wants official communication to use Malayalam terms [News]. The Print. https://theprint.in/india/not-colonial-sir-madam-kerala-congress-wants-official-communication-to-use-malayalam-terms/728965/
  18. TV Tropes. (n.d.). Japanese Pronouns / Useful Notes. TV Tropes. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/JapanesePronouns
  19. Tyrkkö, J. (2016). Looking for rhetorical thresholds: Pronoun frequencies in political speeches. Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English, 17. http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/17/tyrkko/
  20. Waters, M. (2021, June 4). Where Gender-Neutral Pronouns Come From. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/06/gender-neutral-pronouns-arent-new/619092/
  21. Wikipedia. (2022a). Royal we. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&oldid=1109970794
  22. Wikipedia. (2022b). False dilemma. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=False_dilemma&oldid=1116413029

7. Name-calling & Epithets

  1. ABC News (Director). (2016, August 2). Donald Trump Calls Hillary Clinton “the Devil.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59NnKdph5WQ
  2. Allsop. (2017). Inside the fairy tale mind of Trump [Magazine]. Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/special_report/trump-fairy-tale.php/
  3. Allsop. (2019). The dangerous power of Trump’s ‘fairy tale’ nicknames [Magazine]. Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/trump_buttigieg_neuman_nickname.php
  4. ancestry. (2014). What Does Your Last Name Say About You? – Ancestry Blog [Media blog]. Ancestry. https://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/there-are-7-types-of-english-surnames-which-one-is-yours/
  5. Burke, K. (1973). Rhetoric of Hitler’s Battle. In The Philosophy of Literary Form. University of Calfornia Press.
  6. CNN (Director). (2016, April 18). Donald Trump’s nicknames for his opponents. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6LN_–HjjE
  7. Cut (Director). (2015, July 15). Faggot | Gay Men | One Word | Cut. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecUdWGCcd74
  8. DeLapante. (n.d.). Argument Ninja Dojo [Media blog]. Argument Ninja Dojo. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.argumentninja.com/the-dangers-of-tribalism
  9. Delwiche, A. (2018). Name-calling. Propaganda Critic. https://propagandacritic.com/index.php/how-to-decode-propaganda/name-calling/
  10. Editors. (2016, April 5). 15 Old-Timey Names for “Gay” [Magazine]. Advocate.Com. http://www.advocate.com/comedy/2016/4/05/15-old-timey-names-gay
  11. Fast. (2016). What is scapegoating? – YouTube [Academic magazine]. Oxford University Press. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tB4JVWTw698&ab_channel=OxfordAcademic%28OxfordUniversityPress%29
  12. Friedberg, B. (2020). The Dark Virality of a Hollywood Blood-Harvesting Conspiracy. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-the-dark-virality-of-a-hollywood-blood-harvesting-conspiracy/
  13. Gilger. (2022, February 22). The term “Papago” is everywhere around the Valley. But it’s not one the Tohono O’odham embrace. Fronteras. https://fronterasdesk.org/content/1758158/term-papago-everywhere-around-valley-its-not-one-tohono-oodham-embrace
  14. Jasinski, J. (2001). Sourcebook on rhetoric: Key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies. Sage Publications.
  15. Kelly, E. (2017, December 14). 25 Regal Nicknames That Were Royally Embarrassing [Media blog]. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/royal-titles-nicknames
  16. kreidler, M. (2021, February 5). QAnon: Blood Libel for the Digital Age | Center for Inquiry. https://centerforinquiry.org/video/qanon-blood-libel-for-the-digital-age/
  17. McIntosh, J. (2021). ‘Because it’s easier to kill that way’: Dehumanizing epithets, militarized subjectivity, and American necropolitics. Language in Society, 50(4), 583–603. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404521000324
  18. Pauls. (2008). Native American Self-Names | Britannica [Encyclopaedia]. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American-Self-Names-1369572
  19. Stalder. (2020). Do Name-Calling and Ignoring Facts Work? | Psychology Today [Academic magazine]. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/bias-fundamentals/202002/do-name-calling-and-ignoring-facts-work
  20. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.). Blood Libel [Museum]. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/blood-libel
  21. Wikipedia. (2022). List of nicknames used by Donald Trump. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump&oldid=1120598342

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Critical Language Awareness: Language Power Techniques and English Grammar Copyright © 2023 by Jonathon Reinhardt, Anuj Gupta, Robert Poole, Dilara Avci is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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