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Chapter 9: Beyond Unit Thinking: Post-Standardization in Language Teaching
Abstract
This chapter reconsiders the widespread assumption in language education that language is a bounded unit and proposes alternatives to this framework. Political scientists, anthropologists, and linguists have critiqued the nation-state ideology that problematically views languages as stable and internally homogeneous units. This notion has been reinforced through standardizing practices that attempt to render language stable and homogeneous, when it is in reality dynamic and diverse. In the field of language education, there has been an increased appreciation of diverse linguistic forms and critiques of the power relations behind the standardization processes. Some pedagogical approaches, such as those associated with translanguaging, have attempted to avoid seeing language proficiency in terms of bounded units of the target language. At the conceptual level, however, the notion of language as a bounded unit dies hard. The standard language based on an idealized view of a dominant group’s speech continues to be taught in classrooms as the only correct one.
In this chapter, we use the term unit thinking for the framework that views language as a stable, internally homogeneous unit and review its connections to the modern nation-state ideology of “one nation, one language, one culture.” Unit thinking not only assumes internal homogeneity but also forces homogenization through standardization processes. In due course, this, what we call normative unit thinking, leads to the hierarchization of diversity according to the proximity to the standard, marginalizing and excluding those at the bottom of the hierarchy. The examples in this chapter focus on normative unit thinking in Japanese language classrooms and its effects. As an alternative, we argue for language pedagogies that view language as fluid and diverse, avoiding homogenization or hierarchization. We explore these pedagogies beyond unit thinking by introducing two classroom exercises that move beyond seeing only one correct form and use of language.
Linguistic repertoire, Normative unit thinking, Yakuwarigo, Standardization, Unit thinking
definition
An understanding that there is a homology among the nation, culture, language, and territory of the nation-state, often expressed as “one nation, one people, one culture, one language, one territory.”
A practice of pushing diverse linguistic practices to conform to the practices designated as the standard, which was chosen based on the speakers’ high social status. It is always in process and never complete; it reproduces power hierarchy in society by imposing the dominant group’s speech as the standard and hierarchizing linguistic variations based on their distance from the standard.
A way of perceiving the world as made up of bounded, discrete, countable units that are internally homogeneous; coined by Neriko Musha Doerr.
A specific kind of unit thinking that has deeper social impacts as it hierarchizes diversity and forces conformity to the dominant norm that represents the unit; coined by Neriko Musha Doerr.